Session+7+ISA+14

**New Forms of Participation**

Abstract id# 40962 Start Time: 5:30 PM
 * Participation, New Forms of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility –, History, Discussions and Realities – Industrialised Countries, Central and Eastern Europe and Developing Countries **


 * Volkmar KREISSIG **, Taita Taveta University, Kenya; Business studies and economics, Herder Senior Professor, Voi, Kenya

Discussions to “participation” started in Germany within labour movement & works councils in 19th/20th century. Main questions were how workers & representations can participate in the production process, in works force organisation, decision making etc. The promoters were socialist parties & left wing circles, trade unions & works councils. In France in the 80-s the "participation" was that base-democratic right which should stamp the "socialism in the colours of France". Participation was declared as the democratic alternative concept to the French state centralism and to the Soviet model of the state socialism. The debate in the 90-s went around Japanese participation offers in production processes. Predominantly was - ‘Japanisation’. The following "Flexurity debate", had the idea to exchange "flexibility of working regime" into the preservation of employment. Discussions on corporate governance & corporate social responsibility started in the 70ties in US, later on in Germany & Europe. **Promoters were stakeholders & shareholders. Bearers of debate were less in trade unions or „left political circles“. Targets were common responsibilities of stake- and shareholders** for environment, life on the earth, quality of productions, employment law, work-conditions like child work, dangerous work, over-exploitation of the natural resources etc. in production & sourcing modification of high technology productions. Trade unionists in supervisory boards and works committee member’s support this course; however, they were not any more the sole or key players of debate. The discourse wins in social and changes away only from conditions of employment to the responsibilities and the consequences of the application of products. ISO 26000 is asked from the supervisory boards, **the shareholders' meetings linked with the influence of works committees**. These ideas were more developed in industrialised countries of Europe and Northern America than in developing countries as well as Eastern European countries.

Abstract id# 40184 Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">5:35 PM <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Politics As Usual or Transformation? Mobile & Internet-Enabled Political Participation in Emerging East Asia and Latin American Democracies - Comparative Study


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wilneida NEGRON **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Political Science, City University of New York - Graduate Center, Woodstock, NY


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mobile and internet-enabled technologies **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;"> are changing the dynamics of **election politics** worldwide//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. // However, studies looking at their effects on political engagement have produced contradictory claims. These studies have either focused on advanced western democracies or emerging “fourth wave” democracies in the MENA region (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Jordan, Yemen, and Bahrain). In the former, mobile and internet-enabled technologies have been found to reflect “**politics as usual**”, in that once nations have achieved a qualitative leap toward liberalization; their dynamic impact tends to fade. But in the MENA region, they are found to be **“transformative and liberating” technologies**. This paper unravels these contradictory findings by looking at online political engagement in “third wave” emerging democracies in Latin America and East Asia – //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">two regions which together account for over half of the Internet users in the world //. These democracies do not experience the level of socio-political instability found in MENA, yet they also have not fully institutionalized democratic practices and institutions to the extent found in older advanced western states. By looking at mobile and internet-enabled political engagement in these countries through questionnaires with voting age citizens and political parties, I’m able to begin distinguishing the **complex interplay between attitudinal, socioeconomic factors, and institutional environments that give rise to different forms of political participation**. As a result, this paper contributes to the much-needed theoretical development of citizen engagement and mobile and internet-enabled technologies that may allow us to predict what different forms of participation will take place under specific set of conditions.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract id# 45506 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">5:40 PM
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ombudsman: Bureaucracy, Sistem and Public Sphere **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">José Antonio CALLEGARI **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Direito, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Marcelo PEREIRA DE MELLO, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia e Direito, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Observing the increasing demand for social inclusion and participation in public sphere, we analyze the functioning of Ombudsman in Brazil. As a working hypothesis, we think they can act as channels opening cognitive of the subsystems that integrate Public Administration. We aim this establish an interdisciplinary dialogue between sociology, law and philosophy. For that purpose, we chose Max Weber, Niklas Luhmann and Jürgen Habermas to better understanding the relationship between the **ombudsman and the public sphere**. In Weber, we analyzed bureaucracy and patrimonial domination. Niklas Luhmann provides the foundation for understanding the social system. Habermas, in turn, offers arguments about the relationship between public sphere and participatory citizenship. To accomplish our purpose, we mapped the national system of ombudsmen in Brazil; analyze statistical indicators and visited some Ombudsmen of Justice. The data collected in the Ombudsman indicate that they can enable a kind of social control institutions expanding the social significance of public sphere participatory. Hopefully, with this debate, encourage research into new arenas of social inclusion connecting large areas such as sociology, philosophy and law.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract id# 52845 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">5:45 PM <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Designing Technology-Mediated Democracy: Case Citizen Participation in Urban Planning through Mobile Apps


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Titiana-Petra ERTIÖ **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Economic Sociology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">How can technology improve local democracy? Governments around the world seek opportunities to **engage citizens in matters of public policy** through a variety of technology-mediated tools. The tools are intended to contribute to democratic ideals such as **transparency and inclusiveness**, but how these ideals can be met in practice is not clear. In this paper, I examine this question through the case of **citizen participation in urban planning** though smartphone apps, or **//mobile participation//**. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Smartphones are seen as tools to engage a broad audience in urban planning, in particular youth and **young adults who do not participate in traditional public meetings**. By reviewing a broad range of relevant literature in urban sociology, democracy theory, and interaction design, I examine the conditions, requirements and design principles that must be met for this objective to be attainable. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The findings of the review show that building technologies for participation requires taking into account a broad range of factors, such **as social norms, trust and reputation, motivation, opportunity, feedback and dialogue**. Participation on-the-go from a specific location also raises the question of **who owns a tool with which to participate as well as issues of privacy in a public setting**. I conclude that citizen participation needs to move past present shortcomings and become a sustainable process grounded in democratic principles.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract id# 65653 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">5:50 PM
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">Defining Urban Renewal in Tehran: The Complex Dialogue Between Citizens and Municipality **<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">(transferred)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sahar SAEIDNIA **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, SOCIOLOGY, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales/ Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux Sociaux EHESS-IRIS, PARIS, France and **Mina SAIDI SHAROUZ**, Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société pour l'Architecture, Ecole Nationale d'Architecture Paris la Villette (ENSAPLV), PARIS, France; GEOGRAPHY, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense/ Mosaïque-LAVUE, PARIS, France; Anthropology - Architecture, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La défense/ Mosaiques-LAVUE, France, TEHRAN, France

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since 2006 Tehran municipality has started a pilot environmental and urban development project in Beryanak, an old southern and popular neighbourhood particularly exposed to seismic dangers. This new urban experiment, part of a wider environmental seismic prevention project, aimed at implementing a participatory urban renewal based on a dialogue with inhabitants, the neighbourhood council, local associations and with a scientific mediation of a research unit of anthropologists and town planners. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">This project involving professional and social dialogue was innovative in Tehran, where a centralized and technical approach was traditionally favoured. More broadly, it reflects the participatory shift in urban policies illustrated by the decentralization law of 1997 and the creation of elected neighbourhood councils in Tehran in the 2000’s. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">This paper will examine this complex dialogue and the way neighbourhood councils have progressively positioned themselves as key actors of urban development in Tehran. Indeed these collaborative and participatory organizations designed to integrate ordinary citizens to the definition of their city’s public policies, have encountered many difficulties to fit in the local political space. Thus, this paper will focus on the different conditions and modalities of mediation and cooperation in the Beryanak project and how they evolved through time. We will both study the structure of the dialogue, mainly the habitus, backgrounds and representations of the actors (town planners, neighbourhood councils, municipality, etc.), and the tensions, conflicts or the asymmetry between them in terms of positions, knowledge, power, interest or resources. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">This paper is mainly based on a long-term field study conducted in Beryanak (Teheran) since 2006 (participant observations of deliberative experiences, project’s meetings observations and semi-structured interviews with City advisors, neighbourhood councillors, citizens, researchers, state representatives, religious field actors, etc.).

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract id# 52434 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">5:55 PM
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">Associations As Quasi-Public Bodies in Japan: Cases of Maintenance and Management of Public Lands **<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">(transferred)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Takahiro DOMEN **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Graduate school of social sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Japan

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">This research focuses on associations to be quasi-public bodies to maintain and manage public lands in Japan. Public lands are generally maintained and managed by governments because the governments have owned them. However, the governments often lease their public lands which are used especially as community farming and growing to associations after they made lease agreements in the USA and the UK. In these cases, associations can show their ideas to maintain and manage the public lands. On the other hands, the governments had only maintained and managed the public lands in Japan. Therefore, associations had not had chances to show their idea to manage and maintain the public lands. However, the Office of Nerima Ward of Tokyo enacted the Ordinance for Liveable Development in 2002. The ordinance has the definition of the community engagement on the public lands. In the Nerima Ward, associations can suggest their idea to manage and maintain public lands to the ward office. Moreover, the ward office authorises the associations as the bodies to manage and maintain the public lands. There is one case authorized by the ward office at present. In this case, there is a finding that the associations are needed to get approval from neighbouring landlords and users to be authorised by the ward office. This is considered that the associations are not just “Not for Profit Organizations” but “quasi-public bodies”. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">This research suggests a question why the ward office should authorise associations as the bodies to maintain and manage the public land in the Nerima Ward of Tokyo, though local governments make lease agreements with associations in the USA and the UK. Through to resolve this question, this research will clarify the meaning of the association which maintain and manage public lands and the public matter on the Japanese context.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract id# 51505 <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Time: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">6:00 PM
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.3333px;">New Forms of Participation in the Social Welfare in the City of Barcelona **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Teresa MONTAGUT **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, Sociological Theory, University of Barcelona, Spain

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">A new form of intervention is emerging in local welfare systems. This new way requires a change of attitude and involvement from citizens, public authorities -at all levels- and private organizations. It can be defined as a "social innovation” in the sense of the implementation of an idea that is new and that breaks with the prevailing routines and structures in a given system or setting. “Social Innovation” <span class="hps" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">is widelyusedfrom many academic, politicaland social perspectives <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. <span class="hps" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">No wonder that <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">, <span class="hps" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">in a contextof uncertaintyand transformations,becomesessential tosearch for new policies <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">. <span class="hps" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">In particular,in the fieldof socialwelfarethe experimentation ofnew policy proposalsand social practiceshas begunin a lot of countries. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The paper will analyze new citizen participation forms in the field of social welfare in the city of Barcelona from the theoretical perspective of social innovation. The research is the result of work carried out within the European research project WILCO (//Welfare Innovations at the local level in favour of cohesion//). <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">The paper has three parts. First, there is the discussion of **the concept of social innovation** and proposes a methodology to use them. Secondly, following the conceptual and methodological proposal presented, discuses one policy of the City Council of Barcelona, the program: "Citizen’s Agreement for an Inclusive Barcelona". This program is an example of Social Innovation that increases the cooperation and democratic participation. Finally, it presents challenges and opportunities of this municipal policy for new models of work on local Social Welfare.